Speculation, in the narrow sense of financial speculation, involves the buying, holding, selling, and short-selling of stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, collectibles, real estate, derivatives, or any valuable financial instrument to profit from fluctuations in its price as opposed to buying it for use or for income via methods such as dividends or interest. Speculation or agiotage represents one of three market roles in Western financial markets, distinct from hedging, long- or short-term investing, and arbitrage.
Speculation areasConvention, and especially satire, sometimes portray speculators comically as speculating in pork bellies (in which a real market and real speculators exist) and often "losing their shirts" or making a fortune on small market changes. Speculation exists in many such commodities, but, if measured by value, the most important markets deal in futures contracts and other derivatives involving leverage that can transform a small market movement into a huge gain or loss.
Type of speculatorsMost non-professional traders lose money on speculation, while those who do make money tend to become professionals. Occasionally some dramatic event will occur, such as the effort of the Hunt brothers to corner the silver market or the currency speculations of George Soros or the speculative trading of Nick Leeson, which caused the collapse of Barings Bank.
Speculation areasConvention, and especially satire, sometimes portray speculators comically as speculating in pork bellies (in which a real market and real speculators exist) and often "losing their shirts" or making a fortune on small market changes. Speculation exists in many such commodities, but, if measured by value, the most important markets deal in futures contracts and other derivatives involving leverage that can transform a small market movement into a huge gain or loss.
Type of speculatorsMost non-professional traders lose money on speculation, while those who do make money tend to become professionals. Occasionally some dramatic event will occur, such as the effort of the Hunt brothers to corner the silver market or the currency speculations of George Soros or the speculative trading of Nick Leeson, which caused the collapse of Barings Bank.
By some definitions, most long-term investors, even those who buy and hold for decades, may be classified as speculators,[citation needed] excepting only the rare few who are not primarily motivated by eventually selling at a good profit. Some dedicated speculators are distinguished by shorter holding times, the use of leverage, by being willing to take short positions as well as long positions (in markets where the distinction can be reasonably made). A degree of speculation exists in a wide range of financial decisions, from the purchase of a house to a bet on a horse; this is what modern market economists call "ubiquitous speculation."
In Security Analysis, Benjamin Graham gave a definition of speculation in relation to investment: "An investment operation is one which, upon thorough analysis, promises safety of principal and a satisfactory return. Operations not meeting these requirements are speculative."
The economic benefits of speculationThe service provided by speculators to a market is primarily that by risking their own capital in the hope of profit, they add liquidity to the market and make it easier for others to offset risk, including those who may be classified as hedgers and arbitrageurs.
If a certain market - for example, pork bellies - had no speculators, then only producers (pig farmers) and consumers (butchers, etc.) would participate in that market. With fewer players in the market, there would be a larger spread between the current bid and ask price of pork bellies. Any new entrant in the market who wants to either buy or sell pork bellies will be forced to accept an illiquid market and market prices that have a large bid-ask spread or might even find it difficult to find a co-party to buy or sell to. A speculator (e.g. a pork dealer) may exploit the difference in the spread and, in competition with other speculators, reduce the spread, thus creating a more efficient market.
Another example of the value of speculators is the ability of a pig farmer to sell his pork on a futures exchange at a known price ahead of its production.
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